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Antibody Analytics in Action: Lauren Brown, Senior Study Manager 

<p>Joining Antibody Analytics in November 2022, Lauren Brown is the newest addition to our Senior Study Management team.</p><p>Lauren brings with her an impressive background in bioassays, statistical data analysis and method development. She holds a Master's in Industrial Biotechnology from the University of Strathclyde and bucketloads of experience in cell-based assays and ELISA techniques.&nbsp;</p><p>We are excited to have Lauren on board and know that she will make an immense contribution to our team. Her expertise in bioassay development, validation and relative potency analysis will be invaluable in helping us to further our research and develop innovative solutions for our clients.&nbsp;</p><p>We look forward to an exciting future with Lauren at the helm of our Senior Study Manager role. We hear from Lauren, who tells us why joining the Antibody Analytics team has been the perfect next step in her career.&nbsp;</p><p>"As a Senior Study Manager newly joining the Antibody Analytics team, I can't wait to dive in and start unlocking solutions for our clients. We're at the cutting edge of knowledge, and I know that together we'll be able to make some real breakthroughs on behalf of our evolving customer base.</p><p>"I was initially attracted to this role as I saw this as an opportunity to evolve my skillset. Before joining the team, I worked as an Analytical Development Scientist and, more latterly, a Bioassay Team Leader. I was seeking a new opportunity that would allow me to continue learning, and my new role has provided me with exactly that. For me, continued learning is essential in the field of science. It's important to keep up to date with the latest advancements and technologies to ensure that our team is at the forefront of our industry. Being a part of the Antibody Analytics team also means I'll get to enjoy researching and brainstorming techniques required for any novel biotherapeutic assay developments. With such a diverse and talented crew, each day promises to be an exciting journey of discovery.</p><p>"As a Senior Study Manager, my role is all about making customer studies run smoothly and supporting the study management team in their day-to-day activities. I can act as the key point of contact for clients for more complex or intricate studies, and I'm always looking for innovative ways to help them reach their goals. It's my job to collaborate with the customer in the contract proposal stage to ensure a focussed and well-designed approach to finding solutions. I'm the bridge between the study and the client, ensuring the two connect and everybody gets the most out of the process. I take great pride in providing the best customer service experience possible and ensuring that our clients know they can rely on us to get the job done.</p><p>“As a newcomer to the company, the team has welcomed me with open arms and made me feel at home from the very start. I have been particularly impressed with the passion and commitment to excellence that everyone here has. With the help of the team, I have been able to quickly learn the ropes and get to grips with the new working environment. I'm looking forward to tackling the challenges that come with this role, and I'm confident that with the team's expertise, we will be able to achieve great things.”</p>

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Joining Antibody Analytics in November 2022, Lauren Brown is the newest addition to our Senior Study Management team.

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Antibody Analytics Shortlisted for Pharma Services and Drug Discovery Award

<p>Antibody Analytics is thrilled to announce that we have been shortlisted in Scotland's Life Sciences Annual Awards in the 'Innovation Pharma Services and Drug Discovery' category.</p><p style="text-align:justify;">At Antibody Analytics, we advance the discovery and development of novel immunotherapies and biologics through the development of innovative technologies to provide an industry-leading service to our global clients. We are passionate about pushing boundaries and finding solutions to the challenges facing developers of advanced therapeutics. Becoming a finalist in this category is the direct result of our amazing employees and our commitment to sustained research and development.</p><p style="text-align:justify;">Andy Upsall, Managing Director of Antibody Analytics, said:</p><p style="text-align:justify;">"It is awesome to have been shortlisted in Scotland's Life Sciences Annual Awards in the Innovation Pharma Services and Drug Discovery category. At Antibody Analytics, we place a huge emphasis on driving innovation within our organisation. Identifying new ways to support the discovery, development and delivery of advanced therapeutics and immunotherapies is in our DNA.</p><p style="text-align:justify;">"With the increasing requirement to apply relevant <i>in vitro&nbsp;</i>disease models at early stages of drug discovery, we are leading the way with a suite of primary cell assay platforms that faithfully model the tumour microenvironment, providing our clients with high content, decision-making data that will accelerate their route to the clinic. We are committed to enabling our partners to move faster, with greater efficiency through the drug discovery and development process. Our shortlisting is a testament to our team's hard work and dedication.</p><p style="text-align:justify;">"We are delighted to be recognised in this innovation category and this further motivates our team to continue to strive for excellence and deliver the best results possible for our partners. We are immensely proud and look forward to continuing to make a difference in the global life sciences industry."</p><p style="text-align:justify;">We want to thank all our partners, clients, and colleagues for their continued support. We are committed to continuing to drive technological innovation in the immunotherapy sector and will strive to discover new ways of advancing drug discovery and development.</p><figure class="image"><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/image_3145b411a1.png"></figure>

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Antibody Analytics is thrilled to announce that we have been shortlisted in Scotland's Life Sciences Annual Awards in the 'Innovation Pharma Services and Drug Discovery' category.

Antibody Analytics shortlisted for innovation in Pharma Services and Drug Discovery award

Antibody Analytics & HistologiX partnership

<p>Antibody Analytics is excited to announce a strategic partnership with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.histologix.com/">HistologiX</a>, a company specialising in cellular and digital pathology services. As precision medicine is embraced and the number of targeted therapeutics continue to grow, this partnership provides our customers with access to our complementary capabilities, essential to accelerate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.</p><figure class="image"><a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/cooperation/strategic-partnerships" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/Histologi_X_and_Antibody_Analytics_partnerhsip_inside_blog_img_c8ab619da5.png"></a></figure><p><br>Both companies can now provide access to a comprehensive range of services. For Antibody Analytics, our biomarker, immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/capabilities">capabilities</a> are extended with the ability to offer histology and digital pathology analysis of both animal and clinical samples. While HistologiX’ customers will benefit from access to our extensive platform of <i>in vitro</i> cell-based functional characterisation and immunology research services.</p><blockquote><p>Dr. Agapitos Patakas, Antibody Analytics’ Chief Scientific Officer said, “HistologiX is one of the leaders in histology, image analysis and digital pathology and through this collaboration, Antibody Analytics is now able to provide more comprehensive support to our customers with target discovery, pre-clinical and clinical histology analysis needs.”&nbsp;</p></blockquote><p>“Antibody Analytics offers comprehensive <i>in vitro</i> immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology services from the very earliest stages of the drug discovery process, starting from target discovery, through lead identification and selection to product characterisation. Our partnership with HistologiX will expand this to immunohistochemical efficacy &amp; toxicity biomarker assays (pre-clinical and clinical) and tissue cross reactivity (TCR) assessments. This is an exciting opportunity for both companies and allows expansion of our capabilities from early discovery to clinical testing for targeted biologics.”&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>"We are delighted to be partnering with Antibody Analytics" said Barbara McManus Managing Director of HistologiX. "Their commitment to providing high-quality research services aligns perfectly with our own values, and we are excited to work together to offer even more advanced solutions to our customers and strengthen our offerings."&nbsp;</p></blockquote><p>We at Antibody Analytics place high value on collaboration and are delighted to partner with HistologiX, a company that helps scientists overcome obstacles from discovery to clinical with bespoke cellular and digital pathology services.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>

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Antibody Analytics is excited to announce a strategic partnership with HistologiX who specialise in cellular and digital pathology services.

Strategic Partnership Announcement: Antibody Analytics and HistologiX 

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Future Fridays with Antibody Analytics  

<p>Antibody Analytics is dedicated to supporting young people in STEM through various learning opportunities. We recently welcomed two students from Brannock High School for a four-week work experience placement. Not only are the students looking to achieve an SQA qualification from this, but they'll also get a glimpse into the working world.</p><p>Now that the students have completed their placement, we heard from Brannock High Schools' principal teacher of developing the young workforce, Miss Stirling, to find out how the placement will help the students.</p><p>“The work experience placements are part of Brannock High School’s Future Friday initiative, where the students are working towards achieving a work experience SQA qualification. Future Friday is a North Lanarkshire initiative that enables young people to participate in a whole host of extracurricular activities on a Friday afternoon to gain real-life experience. The activities range from CV assistance to work experience placements, providing an opportunity for everyone.</p><blockquote><p>“Being able to do my work experience in a lab was great! Throughout my placement, I had the opportunity to get stuck in and take on responsibilities which was quite daunting in the beginning. Working with the team at Antibody Analytics gave me insight into what it’s like to be a scientist and solidified my feelings towards pursuing this as a career in the future.”</p><p>- Aneesa Ahmed, Placement Student</p></blockquote><p>“As the students approach their final years at school, thinking about their futures has become more prominent. Several students at Brannock High School have an interest in pursuing further education, specifically in the STEM industry. We were delighted to give them the opportunity to complete their work experience with Antibody Analytics. Throughout the four weeks, Eilidh Kennah worked in the office alongside the team to gain a better understanding of what it's like to work in administration, and Aneesa Ahmed worked as an operation assistant in the lab.</p><p>“From start to finish, the work experience with Antibody Analytics created a buzz of excitement around the students, and I couldn’t be more grateful for the warm welcome they received. Having the opportunity to gain industry experience is valuable to our students and allows them to focus on their studies as their goals are closer to reality.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">“My work experience gave me valuable insight into what it’s like to work in admin. I enjoyed learning about the different processes and systems as it gave me more experience and confidence. Working with Antibody Analytics has given me skills I will use going forward.”</span></p><p>-Eilidh Kennah, Placement Student</p></blockquote><p>“When teaching the students and helping them prepare for the future, I ensure that there is equality among both genders. Despite STEM being a male-dominated industry, we are installing the message amongst our female students that they are capable of succeeding in that industry. The diversity of the team at Antibody Analytics gives our female students powerful role models to work alongside, showing them that they can pursue any career.&nbsp;</p><p>“Our goal is to futureproof our young people, providing them with transferrable skills which they can take with them when they leave school. I look forward to continuing work with Antibody Analytics to provide my student with work experience tailored to their future careers.”&nbsp;</p>

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Antibody Analytics is dedicated to supporting young people in STEM through various learning opportunities. We recently welcomed two students from Brannock High School for a four-week work experience placement. Not only are the students looking to achieve an SQA qualification from this, but they'll also get a glimpse into the working world.

Innovation, relocation and augmentation: A year in review

<p>2022 has been a historic year for Antibody Analytics, one that we’re incredibly proud of. But where do we begin? The world of life sciences is fast-paced and ever-changing, fuelled by new discoveries. Innovation is at the core of our industry. We’re creators. We collaborate, we invent, and while our role is at the beginning of the drug development life cycle, we change lives.</p><p>Between opening our bespoke facility in Motherwell and expanding our immunology research services, there have been a host of triumph moments that have kept us on our toes.</p><p>With so much to celebrate and 2023 right around the corner, what better time to reflect on our highlights from the past 12 months?</p><h2><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><strong>Expanding our Immunology Services&nbsp;</strong></span></h2><p>So many immunotherapies are being developed that aim to replicate, simulate, hijack, or rejuvenate our immune systems. Therefore, there is a considerable and growing demand for immunology expertise.</p><p>In 2022, we invested heavily in this side of the business, and customers from all over the world engage with us to undertake <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/capabilities/our-expertise#translational-immunology">complex immunology services</a>. With highly skilled immunologists on our team and trusted partnerships with respected organisations, we are strategically placed at the centre of a rich ecosystem of knowledge and innovation. This was recognised by Made in Scotland, who awarded us with the accolade of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/news/going-for-gold-with-antibody-analytics">Life Sciences Company of the Year</a>.</p><p>By expanding our immunology services and building on years of experience in the field, we have turned the traditional CRO model on its head. Undertaking long-term contracts, we support clients from the earliest and most scientifically challenging stages of their drug development journey right through to clinical trials.</p><p>This year, we’ve made this new approach official. Reflected in our new website, communications and customer conversations, we’re proud to show the scientific world how we can support clients from concept to clinic.&nbsp;</p><h2><strong>Innovation in cell line engineering&nbsp;</strong></h2><p>Our in-house research and development team is one of the many golden threads at Antibody Analytics. Housing a team that’s bursting with knowledge and ideas has enabled us to achieve remarkable things, including the development of ground-breaking technologies and platforms.</p><p>Way back in 2020, we had an idea to develop a cell line platform designed to address an unmet need within our industry. Fast forward to 2022, and with the help of a successful 18-month grant-funded project, we have created two novel cell line systems, both of which are now the subject of separate patent applications.</p><p>As a result of these innovations, and following the successful completion of our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/news/antibody-analytics-wins-innovate-uk-smart-award">Innovate UK SMART award</a> , we established an entirely new <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/capabilities/our-expertise#cell-line-development">cell line development service</a>, an area we have seen flourish into a formal offering within our operations team in recent months.</p><p>This new service area has been incredibly valuable to us, with the cell line development projects we have undertaken often leading to additional projects requiring expertise from our other service areas. Together, these capabilities allowing us to conceptualise and deliver bespoke solutions to meet our client’s challenges.&nbsp;</p><h2><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><strong>Opening the Antibody Analytics Discovery Centre&nbsp;</strong></span></h2><p>After two years and several COVID-19 delays, we were thrilled to finally <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/news/antibody-analytics-opens-discovery-centre">open our new Discovery Centre</a> in 2022.</p><p>Funded in part with support from Scottish Enterprise, the new centre is ten times larger than our previous base, and the first phase of the building is already fully operational. Moving to and owning a 2,000 sqm purpose-fit facility gives us the freedom to recruit more budding scientists in the future and expand into additional service areas. We can now accommodate upwards of 200 employees, a number we will strive to achieve in the coming years.</p><p>With an increased demand for expertise in immunology research services, we aim to position ourselves as a global market leader in complex immunology and primary cell systems. The new premises allows us to strengthen our services and support clients throughout the drug development process.&nbsp;</p><h2><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><strong>Looking Ahead to 2023&nbsp;</strong></span></h2><p>The team at Antibody Analytics will certainly be leaving 2022 with a smile on their faces. It’s been a phenomenal year. One to celebrate. With 2023 just around the corner, we’re not showing any signs of slowing down!</p><p>By the end of next year, we aim to complete the second phase of our relocation by preparing the next phase of our new facility. This will allow us to further support our new service areas, collaborate more effectively and accommodate a growing workforce.</p><p>Since the beginning of 2022, we have employed 24 new teammates, and by the end of 2023, we hope this number will have at least doubled. By welcoming new talent and an increased capacity for research and development, we'll continue to create innovative technologies that provide exceptional results.</p><p>In providing an end-to-end service for our clients, we look forward to being assisted by some new partners in 2023 who can offer complementary support to our customers during the most challenging stages of drug development.</p><p>On top of all that, we're planning for further growth in our immunology and cell line development services, including launching our new platform system that seeks to solve a critical problem for cell therapy developers.</p><p>As we close out the final chapter of 2022, the Antibody Analytics story is nowhere near its end. There’s so much to look forward to in the year ahead, and we can’t wait to see where our journey takes us next. We have our lab coats and goggles at the ready, and we’re up for the challenge!&nbsp;</p>

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With so much to celebrate and 2023 right around the corner, what better time to reflect on our highlights from the past 12 months?

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Key materials and reagents for SPR

<p>One of the easiest ways to create beautiful SPR assays is to ensure that you carefully consider all the layers of your assay.&nbsp;Key considerations include interactants, sensor chips and immobilisation strategy, running buffer and regeneration. We have discussed proteins in our blog ‘<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/news/spr-know-your-protein">Know your protein</a>’&nbsp;so naturally have decided to follow up with a discussion on sensor chips and reagents.&nbsp;</p><h2>Choosing a sensor chip</h2><p>The sensor chip is at the heart of the SPR assay and there are a variety of choices for attaching your ligand. Properties of the ligand of interest, e.g. histidine tag, biotinylation, Fc tail or no specific tag at all, dictate the choices of chip available to you. In most cases, the preferred method for attachment is <i>via</i> a capture molecule.&nbsp; Pre-functionalised chips make it easy to attach your ligand, but you can easily derivatise your own chips presenting any capture molecule - ready to bind and present your ligand. The CM5 chip is the ‘work-horse’ and is the most adaptable and suitable for many SPR applications. Cytiva has compiled a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cdn.cytivalifesciences.com/api/public/content/digi-17633-pdf">neat flowchart</a> to help you choose the best way to attach your ligand. This is a very useful resource if you are just starting out on your SPR studies.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://cdn.cytivalifesciences.com/api/public/content/digi-17633-pdf"><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/SPR_principles_3872329d8b.png"></a></p><h2>Buffer</h2><p>The running buffer is the carrier of your analyte and creates the background in which the ligand-analyte interaction occurs. The most common buffers used in SPR are phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and HEPES buffered saline (HBS), pH 7.4, supplemented with Tween 20 at 0.05-0.1% to reduce non-specific binding to the chip surface, as well as the tubing and microfluidics in the instrument. Some proteins and enzymes function optimally in Tris-based buffers and at higher concentrations of NaCl. Additives such as 0.1% BSA or carboxymethyl-dextran can be added to your buffer if there is significant non-specific binding observed. If you are lucky enough to have access to an instrument with A-B-A functionality, and you’re having trouble finding the right running buffer for your assay, you would be best to run a buffer screen varying the buffer components and their concentrations to find the optimal conditions.&nbsp;</p><h2>Regeneration</h2><p>Removing bound analyte from the surface means that you can perform multiple cycles and reuse your chip. If you have been able to use a capture approach to attach your ligand, regeneration usually involves removal of both the analyte and ligand from the surface ensuring you have no worries about maintaining the integrity of the ligand. Covalently bound ligands need to have their high affinity analytes removed using either a low pH buffer, an alkaline solution like NaOH or high salt solution. The least invasive method of regeneration is preferable as the aim is to ensure there is no loss of function and that all bound analyte is removed.</p><p>Armed with the best choice of chip, optimised buffer and regeneration conditions, you’re on your way to obtaining quality data. Good luck!</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Get in touch with our experts</a></div></div>

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One of the easiest ways to make beautiful assays is to ensure that you have effectively considered what sensor chips, buffers and other reagents are right for the job. Choosing your sensor chip An important part of setting up an assay is to ensure that the correct chip is chosen before you start. Beginning with…

SPR - Know your protein

<p>Surface plasmon resonance is a powerful label-free biophysical technique used to study and quantify biomolecular interactions. Like most analytical assays, the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/news/key-materials-and-reagents-for-spr">quality of the starting material</a> can heavily influence the results obtained.&nbsp;Although a multitude of molecules can be investigated using SPR, in the realm of biotherapeutics, proteins are always part of the equation. Poor quality proteins, and the solutions they are formulated in, can adversely affect measurements and ultimately the data quality and/or the microfluidics of the system.&nbsp;As such, it is essential that your proteins are good quality.&nbsp;</p><p>So, what does this mean and how can you ensure you choose the best protein for your assay to achieve beautiful results?&nbsp;Stack the odds in your favour by considering a few key points.</p><h3>Sample Purity</h3><p>Sample purity considerations may differ depending upon which molecule is the ligand (attached to the surface) and which molecule is the analyte (in solution).&nbsp;When amine coupling of your sample is the only immobilisation choice, purity and homogeneity must be exceptional, &gt; 95% purity is essential (as determined by SDS-PAGE).&nbsp;If, however, your ligand is being coupled to the surface using a capture strategy, the purity is not as important as the capture process will act as a mini-purification step.&nbsp;</p><p>It follows then that the purity of the analyte must be &gt;95% as impurities in the analyte can wreak havoc on your experiments. Impurities such as protein aggregates or unfolded protein can cause noisy signals, curious looking sensorgrams, inaccurate concentration determinations and result in the over or underestimation of kinetic values.&nbsp;</p><p>Additional QC from the supplier is preferrable, such as SEC-MALS, which gives an extra level of confidence in the protein quality as this is a demonstration of both protein purity and confirmation of size (under non-reducing conditions). &nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/Know_your_protein_v1_10339aa465.jpg" alt="Know your protein v1.jpg" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_Know_your_protein_v1_10339aa465.jpg 245w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_Know_your_protein_v1_10339aa465.jpg 500w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/medium_Know_your_protein_v1_10339aa465.jpg 750w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/large_Know_your_protein_v1_10339aa465.jpg 1000w," sizes="100vw"></p><h3>Sample formulation</h3><p>It is very important to be aware of sample buffer composition. Even the smallest differences in the sample or running buffer can cause bulk shift in sensorgrams. Similarly, excipients used in some therapeutic formulations or recombinantly expressed proteins can be troublesome; cyclics such as sucrose, trehalose and even histidine are known to absorb in the spectrum used by SPR systems.&nbsp;Again, formulation is less important when the sample is the ligand and plays a much more pertinent role when present in the analyte preparation. Be aware that elaborate buffers may be a sign that the protein you are working with is inherently unstable. In these cases, the assay running buffer needs to be carefully chosen.</p><h3>Source</h3><p>Knowing the source of your protein is a definite must. Species-specific post-translational modifications such as glycosylation play a very important role in protein function when present. The sequence and organism used to produce the protein, as well as any tags present on your protein post purification, including their position on the protein, C- or N-terminal, are very important considerations.&nbsp;</p><h3>Function</h3><p>Lastly, and most importantly is confirmation of bioactivity. High purity protein, SPR compatible buffer and protein source become meaningless if the protein is not functional. If a supplier can back their protein with verified activity, you are enroute to a winning assay.</p><p>If you can tick all these boxes, chances are that your SPR assay has a good chance of giving you the results you are looking for (perhaps there may be a few tweaks that need to be made along the way).</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Speak to one of our specialists</a></div></div>

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Like most analytical assays, the quality of the starting material can heavily influence the results obtained. Poor quality proteins, and the solutions they are formulated in, can adversely affect measurements and ultimately the data quality and/or the microfluidics of the system. 

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Treg function, Treg suppression and your therapeutic candidate

<p>Our Treg suppression assay formats are adaptable, using natural Tregs isolated from PBMCs, or induced Tregs expanded and differentiated from naïve CD4+ T cells. Routinely, autologous PBMCs are used as the population to be suppressed, however, the system is open to modification to use pan-T cells, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells as required. Our expert immunologists work closely with you to design the most appropriate system to achieve your goals.</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Contact our team to discuss your project</a></div></div><p><br><strong>What are regulatory T Cells?</strong></p><p>Tregs have the ability to suppress the function of other lymphocytes by releasing immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFβ. These cytokines also act to promote polarisation of CD4+ T cells in the periphery to create more Tregs, acting as a positive feedback loop. Tregs can inhibit the activities of CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, NKT cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) through multiple mechanisms.</p><p>Tregs are defined by functional and phenotypic markers, most notably the expression of the transcription factor FoxP3 and high expression of CD25.</p><p>An imbalance in the number of Tregs is associated with various disease states. Too many Tregs can lead to immunosupression, creating an environment which favours the survival of tumour cells. Conversely, too few Tregs are associated with several autoimmune disorders as the immune system is left unchecked.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/1494085_Treg_Cell_diagram_for_blog_1920x1080_110722_37e804dd12.png" alt="1494085_Treg Cell diagram for blog_1920x1080_110722.png" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_1494085_Treg_Cell_diagram_for_blog_1920x1080_110722_37e804dd12.png 245w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_1494085_Treg_Cell_diagram_for_blog_1920x1080_110722_37e804dd12.png 500w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/medium_1494085_Treg_Cell_diagram_for_blog_1920x1080_110722_37e804dd12.png 750w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/large_1494085_Treg_Cell_diagram_for_blog_1920x1080_110722_37e804dd12.png 1000w," sizes="100vw"></p><p><span style="font-size:13px;"><strong>Figure 1: Tregs mediate suppression by multiple mechanisms regulating inflammatory processes, preventing auto-immunity and also contributing to poor tumour immunity. Tregs can act directly on responding effector T cells via immunosuppressive cytokines e.g. IL-10, IL-35, TGFbeta; metabolic interference e.g. production of adenosine (ADO) from ATP, sequestration of IL-2 and even cytolysis. These mechanisms can also impact antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, dampening their activation and ability to effectively stimulate adaptive immune responses.</strong></span></p><p><strong>What is a Treg suppression assay?</strong></p><p>When combined <i>in vitro</i>, Tregs inhibit the proliferation and activation of T cells in response to recognition of specific antigen. Tregs are combined with autologous PBMCs (containing both responder CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as targets for suppression) and a source of T cell stimulation e.g. anti-CD3. Since natural Tregs exist in low numbers, this can limit assay size, however use of expanded iTregs allows larger scale assays to be performed.</p><p>Proliferation and activation of the responder T cells is determined in the presence and absence of Tregs so that the degree of suppression caused by the Tregs can be expressed in terms of inhibition of maximal responses. This can be coupled with cytokine release measurements (ELISA or multiplex cytokine analysis) and phenotyping for activation markers in the regulatory and responder populations to provide high content information to delve deeper into the mechanistic effects of a test therapeutic.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>When to use Treg suppression assays</strong></p><p>A number of therapeutics in development aim to target Treg function in an attempt to alleviate immuno-suppression. One proposed mechanism of action of the approved CTLA-4 targeting antibody, ipilimumab, is that it enhances antitumor immunity by inhibiting the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells. Anti-CTLA4 binding to Tregs can simultaneously mark them for ADCC-mediated destruction.</p><p><strong>Learn more about Antibody Analytics’ Treg suppression models</strong></p><p>In our whitepaper, we describe how scientists from Antibody Analytics have established a Treg suppression assay workflow. The assay covers the isolation of natural Treg cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and co-culture with anti-CD3 stimulated autologous PBMCs at different Treg to PBMC ratios to demonstrate functional suppression of the responder (conventional or Tconv) T cell population. This is coupled with Treg immunophenotyping, cytokine release and Treg-specific reversal of suppressive activity with a novel immunotherapy.</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://share.hsforms.com/1Bdt5OpFYSsGLEWtsqkSiWA4v8st" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Access our whitepaper to find out more</a></div></div>

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Our Treg suppression assay formats are adaptable, using natural Tregs isolated from PBMCs, or induced Tregs expanded and differentiated from naïve CD4+ T cells.

Treg suppression assays for testing immuno-oncology and auto-immunity drugs

<p>Regulatory T cells (thymically and peripherally derived Treg) have critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling aberrant/excessive responses to self and non-self antigens. Typically defined as CD4 T cells with high expression of CD25 and FoxP3, these cells mediate tolerance to autoantigens, microflora and food antigens. While there is considerable interest in harnessing Treg activity therapeutically in autoimmune and tissue transplant settings, their activity has garnered significant interest in the immuno-oncology field.</p><h2>Learn more about our Treg Suppression model&nbsp;</h2><p>In our whitepaper, we describe how scientists from Antibody Analytics have established a complete Treg suppression assay workflow. The assay includes isolation of natural Treg cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and co-culture with anti-CD3 stimulated autologous PBMCs at different Treg to PBMC ratios to demonstrate functional suppression of the responder (conventional or Tconv) T cell population. This is coupled with Treg immunophenotyping, cytokine release and Treg-specific reversal of suppressive activity with a novel immunotherapy.&nbsp;</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://share.hsforms.com/1Bdt5OpFYSsGLEWtsqkSiWA4v8st" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Access the whitepaper to find out more</a></div></div><p>&nbsp;</p><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:50%;"><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/isolated_natural_regulatory_t_cells_36fedf3297.png" alt="isolated_natural_regulatory_t_cells.png" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_isolated_natural_regulatory_t_cells_36fedf3297.png 245w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_isolated_natural_regulatory_t_cells_36fedf3297.png 500w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/medium_isolated_natural_regulatory_t_cells_36fedf3297.png 750w," sizes="100vw"></figure><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Why Tregs?&nbsp;</h2><p>Tregs are enriched in the tumour microenvironment (TME) and in this context are tumour-permissive, facilitating immune evasion and tumour progression. Tregs are able to suppress conventional CD4 and CD8 T cell responses preventing their efficient targeting of cancer cells, mediating their suppressive function by a variety of mechanisms including: secretion of inhibitory cytokines (e.g. TGFβ, IL-10 and IL-35); suppression by metabolic interference (e.g. by sequestration of IL-2 by means of high CD25 expression or by inhibition via the adenosine pathway); suppression by cytolysis (e.g. granzyme A/B production); and modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function (e.g. via CTLA-4/ CD80/CD86 or LAG3/MHC Class II interactions with DCs) (Figure 1).&nbsp;</p><p>These mechanisms are multi-faceted, temporally and spatially, impacting both priming and effector T cell responses in lymphoid and TME settings respectively, in addition to the conditioning of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and innate immune cells to dampen anti-tumour activity.</p><h2>Tregs as a potential way to fight cancer&nbsp;</h2><p>Preclinical studies demonstrating that disruption of intra-tumoural Treg activity is associated with reduced tumour burden, and approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody) for treatment of metastatic melanoma, set a clear precedent in targeting this cell population. Accordingly, Tregs and their activity have become attractive candidates in developing novel cancer therapies.&nbsp;</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Speak to one of our specialists</a></div></div><p>Several therapeutic strategies are now underway to identify different ways in which Tregs may be leveraged for treatment of various tumour types. Numerous Treg targets and approaches are under investigation; CTLA-4, CD25, FoxP3, ubiquitin, GITR, CD39, CCR4, CCR8, IL-10 and TGFβ to name but a few. Consequently, now, more than ever, there is a demand for defined, robust, in vitro Treg assays to test candidate immunotherapies for their ability to modulate Treg phenotype and importantly, functional activity.</p>

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Regulatory T cells (thymically and peripherally derived Treg) have critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling aberrant/excessive responses to self and non-self antigens. 

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T cell exhaustion models for the investigation of checkpoint inhibitors

<p>Antibody Analytics was the first CRO to develop an <i>in vitro</i> exhaustion process that yields a T cell phenotype that effectively mimics the look and behaviour of tumour infiltrating cells (TILs) found in the tumour microenvironment. Our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://immunology.antibodyanalytics.com/t-cell-exhaustion"><strong>in vitro exhausted T cells</strong></a>, generated from healthy human donor T cells, can be employed for the screening of checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific T cell engagers and multi-functional molecules and other immune modulators, including small molecules.&nbsp;</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://experiments.springernature.com/articles/10.1007/978-1-0716-0171-6_6" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Read our T cell Exhaustion book chapter</a></div></div><p>When exhausted T cells are functionally tested in a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) – their hypo-responsiveness is evident. Inclusion of checkpoint inhibitors in exhausted T cell, one-way MLRs demonstrates one of the key mechanisms of this class of molecules, which is the ability to overcome the chronic activation signals TILs are subject to in the tumour microenvironment and rejuvenate their function, inducing tumour immunity.&nbsp;</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://8176205.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/8176205/TCELL_EXHAUSTION_POSTER_Antibody%20Analytics_AET2022.pdf">Access our T cell exhaustion poster</a>, presented at this year’s Antibody Engineering &amp; Therapeutics conference, to learn more.</p><h2>Key features of Antibody Analytics’ exhausted T cells&nbsp;</h2><ul><li>Exhausted T cells express increased levels of checkpoint proteins, TIM-3, LAG3, PD-1, CTLA-4, BTLA and immunometabolism enzymes CD38, CD39 and CD73.</li><li>Exhausted T cells exhibit reduced cytokine production, including IL-2 and IFNgamma.</li><li>Exhausted T cells express increased levels of the transcription factor TOX.</li><li>Exhausted T cells are less efficient at T cell directed cellular cytotoxicity (TDCC).</li><li>Exhausted T cells are hyporesponsive in a one-way MLR system, responding poorly in terms of proliferation and cytokine secretion to allogenic challenge.&nbsp;</li><li>Checkpoint blockade with Nivolumab (anti-PD-1), partially rescues exhausted T cell function.</li></ul><h2>Advantages of our cutting-edge in vitro model of human T cell exhaustion&nbsp;</h2><p>One of the major advantages of our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://immunology.antibodyanalytics.com/t-cell-exhaustion"><strong>in vitro model of human T cell exhaustion</strong></a> is the flexible assay set-up that allows multiple and customisable readouts, catered to specific scientific questions. A medium throughput set up, providing high content information in terms of phenotype (flow cytometry and cytokine production) and function; cytotoxicity, T cell activation, and cytokine secretion.&nbsp;</p><p>Inclusion of a benchmark molecule, the anti-PD-1 antibody Nivolumb, provides positive control for assay performance and gives confidence in the conclusions drawn from the data generated.&nbsp;</p><p>This results in a highly adaptable assay that is ideal for MoA assessment of checkpoint inhibitors, co- stimulation agonists and bispecific T cell engagers too. The combination of our knowhow and experience, coupled with exclusive in-house systems, technologies and donor pre-screening performed in advance, allows us to generate robust, quality data.&nbsp;</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Get in touch with our experts</a></div></div><h2>Limitations of other T cell exhaustion models&nbsp;</h2><p>Initial studies demonstrating T cell exhaustion employed mouse models of chronic viral infections (e.g. LCMV). These are technically difficult and expensive to perform and are in a mouse background. Other traditional T cell activation assays employing polyclonal stimuli, e.g. SEB-activation, do not generate truly exhausted T cells and are therefore not as suitable to assess whether a compound has an impact on the reversal or inhibition of T cell exhaustion.&nbsp;</p><p>Therefore, it is recommended that you consider more applicable novel methods for the investigation of checkpoint inhibitors and other T cell function modulators.</p>

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Antibody Analytics has established an in vitro T cell exhaustion model that can be used to assess candidate immunotherapeutics. Find out more about our unique approach.

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Best practices in cell line development

<p>Target cells are a critical component of immune cell effector assays. Whether investigating T cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity (TDCC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), we create engineered target cells uniquely suited for the evaluation of effector function and molecule specificity. But how do we achieve this and what are the principles we follow?&nbsp;</p><h2>Cell line engineering using lentiviruses&nbsp;</h2><p>One of the most efficient techniques for the introduction of genetic information into mammalian cells is the use of replication incompetent lentiviruses (LV). There are three primary reasons our molecular biologists recommend LV for engineering</p><ul><li>Broad applicability - a wide range of cell types are amenable to transduction, including primary and suspension cells, requiring minimal optimisation.</li><li>High efficiency – LV generally provides a high rate of uptake resulting in a high percentage of transduced cells within a population.</li><li>Low toxicity – cells usually retain high viability and recover quickly from the transduction step. Download our whitepaper to learn more tips and tricks for generating engineered cell lines using lentiviruses.&nbsp;</li></ul><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://share.hsforms.com/1UlfXRM8hSe-GKe-1tMW0FA4v8st" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Access our whitepaper</a></div></div><h2>Real life application to real life challenges&nbsp;</h2><p>Our specialist teams have experience in generating genetically engineered cell lines for a variety of purposes. In addition to standard cell line production we have created bespoke engineered cell lines to achieve;</p><ul><li>Attenuated and defined levels of gene expression</li><li>Inducible gene expression with fine control and wide dynamic range</li><li>Custom reporter systems to assess signalling pathway contributions</li><li>Reporter assay systems for high throughput screening approaches</li><li>Transduction of difficult to engineer cells, such as primary immune cells e.g. CAR-T</li><li>Novel synthetic construct design; novel reporters, synthetic receptors, tagged proteins, chimeric antigen receptors</li><li>Over-expression of proteins or antibodies&nbsp;</li></ul><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Speak to one of our specialists</a></div></div><h2>What are lentiviruses?&nbsp;</h2><p>Lentiviruses are RNA viruses that belong to the family Retroviridae and are capable of transducing dividing and non-dividing cells. They are mainly used as viral vectors which have undergone a series of extensive modifications where all pathogenic and replicative properties have been removed. Lentiviruses are widely used to generate stably expressing mammalian cell lines. Most lentiviral vectors used in gene therapy and in vitro applications are derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</p>

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Target cells are a critical component of immune cell effector assays. Whether investigating T cell
dependent cellular cytotoxicity (TDCC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), we create
engineered target cells uniquely suited for the evaluation of effector function and molecule
specificity. But how do we achieve this and what are the principles we follow?

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Potency assay development considerations

<p>Successful approval of biological medicinal products in the EU and US requires characterisation of the biological product’s properties to enable the setting of specifications that control the molecule’s critical quality attributes (CQA) for release into the clinic and onto the market. Release specifications &nbsp;ensure manufacturing lot-to-lot consistency, product stability, and ultimately, patient safety. So, what are the main development considerations? We delve into these to future-proof your potency assays.&nbsp;</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://share.hsforms.com/1TKgKGLkqSgWS5RDWSCWIVg4v8st" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Download our whitepaper</a></div></div><h2>Defining how to measure biological activity best and what format to follow&nbsp;</h2><p>One of the most challenging factors assay developers face is &nbsp;how to best define the measurements of the biological activity of interest. Potency assays should provide a quantitative measurement of a product attribute, linked to its relevant biological properties, while allowing the approaches to be adaptable. Furthermore, this initial question becomes more complex when deciding the format of the potency assay for biological products, most of which possess multiple mechanisms of action (MMOAs). What is the solution then?&nbsp;</p><h2>Developers should adopt a more holistic approach</h2><p>Assay developers often fall into the trap of thinking of their potency assay as an individual entity in the early stages of development. Unfortunately, this can be quite misleading as potency assays should never be used in isolation; they may require special equipment which cannot be operated in certain environments, or some methods can be too complex which may not be suitable for later stages. Therefore, always ensure you look at your potency assay from a wider angle and try to place it within the bigger picture to avoid difficulties.&nbsp;</p><h2>Consider patient safety</h2><p>Needless to say, the most essential factor to take into account is patient safety. The primary objective of potency assays is to guarantee product consistency by describing accurate and critical information that cannot be derived from other testing methods. Hence the potency assay should be designed and assessed to make certain that the biological activity has been determined reliably and that the assay can detect any changes that may influence it.&nbsp;</p><p>Do you have any questions regarding potency assay development?&nbsp;</p><p>Get in touch with our experts who are more than happy to help.&nbsp;</p><div class="raw-html-embed"><div class="center"><a href="https://meetings.hubspot.com/lotta-hagi/lottas-calendar" target="_blank" class="external-btn-primary">Book an appointment</a></div></div><p>&nbsp;</p>

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Successful approval of biological medicinal products in the EU and US requires characterisation of the biological product’s properties to enable the setting of specifications that control the molecule’s critical quality attributes (CQA) for release into the clinic and onto the market. Release specifications  ensure manufacturing lot-to-lot consistency, product stability, and ultimately, patient safety. So, what are the main development considerations? We delve into these to future-proof your potency assays.

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Going for Gold with Antibody Analytics

<p>Phew! It’s been quite the year for us here at Antibody Analytics. Between opening our new facility, the <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/news/antibody-analytics-opens-discovery-centre">Antibody Analytics Discovery Centre</a> and welcoming a host of new faces to our team, it’s certainly been all systems go. While 2022 signifies growth in all areas of our organisation, we’re delighted that this has been recognised beyond our existing community. We’ve been nominated for several industry awards, ranging from life sciences company to employer of the year.&nbsp;</p><h2>Life Science Company of the year – Made in Scotland Awards&nbsp;</h2><p>This event was a cause for celebration. We weren’t only nominated for the Life Science Company of the year award, but we only went and won it! Receiving this award is a significant milestone in our journey and continued growth. Of course, we couldn’t have achieved this without our team’s hard work, determination, and talent.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>“This nomination recognises one of the key strengths of the Antibody Analytics team, which is the ability to rapidly respond to emerging challenges in biological research to provide solutions for innovative drug developers in the field of immuno-oncology”.&nbsp;</p><p>Andy Upsall, Managing Director&nbsp;</p></blockquote><p><a href="https://www.insidermadeinscotland.co.uk/">Click here</a> to learn more about the Made in Scotland awards.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/image_1_47145b98f0.png" alt="image-1.png" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_image_1_47145b98f0.png 245w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_image_1_47145b98f0.png 500w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/medium_image_1_47145b98f0.png 750w," sizes="100vw"></p><h2>Employer of the year – Lanarkshire Business Excellence Awards&nbsp;</h2><p>Hosted by North and South Lanarkshire Councils (home to Antibody Analytics HQ), the Lanarkshire Business Award celebrates the success and diversity of our local business community. As a company dedicated to providing a second-to-none workplace, where progression and room for growth are commonplace, we’re over the moon to be shortlisted for employer of the year.</p><p><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/image_2_d9f950fd7c.png" alt="image-2.png" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_image_2_d9f950fd7c.png 218w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_image_2_d9f950fd7c.png 500w," sizes="100vw"></p><h2>Employee Engagement Award – HR Network Scotland&nbsp;</h2><p>HR Network Scotland is a community of human resource and business professionals from all sectors across the country. Primarily operating as an industry news outlet, the organisation hosts an annual awards ceremony, recognising and championing the Scottish HR profession. We’re pleased to share that we’ve been shortlisted for the Employee Engagement Award 2022. Our team is our greatest asset, and we’re always looking for new ways to promote collaboration, togetherness and team spirit. We put our staff first between regular social activities, charitable challenges, and our internal merit awards. We’ll find out the outcome of this award in November; watch this space!</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

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Phew! It’s been quite the year for us here at Antibody Analytics. Between opening our new facility, the Antibody Analytics Discovery Centre and welcoming a host of new faces to our team, it’s certainly been all systems go. While 2022 signifies growth in all areas of our organisation, we’re delighted that this has been recognised beyond our …

Going For Gold with Antibody Analytics

Supporting STEM's Rising Stars

<p>We’re always happy to offer a helping hand to the rising stars of the future and we recently welcomed Ambar Ramzan to the team on a 12-week placement, as part of her MSc in Precision Medicine and Pharmacological Innovation.&nbsp;<br><br>“I completed my Master of Pharmacy in 2016 but after working in pharmacy for five years, I realised I was ready for the next challenge. Keen to pursue something that would allow me to advance my knowledge and skills, the University of Glasgow’s MSc in Precision Medicine and Pharmacological Innovation jumped out at me as an exciting opportunity, and I started the course in September 2021.&nbsp;<br><br>“Healthcare is always changing and evolving, and this degree combines science and innovation to develop new technologies and products that can improve patient treatments. It’s the perfect combination of scientific research and industry collaboration and I’m excited to think that I’m playing a part in shaping the future of healthcare. This company is one which is ever advancing so I believe it is one to look out for in the near future.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“A key element of the degree is securing a 12-week industry placement and I knew straight away that I would approach Antibody Analytics. There were so many great placement projects on offer with a variety of organisations, but I had already given a presentation on Antibody Analytics in December, for an earlier module around small biotech companies, and Andy had been so helpful and supportive when I took a chance calling him for information.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>“Andy even emailed after my presentation to find out how it went, which was lovely and unexpected, so I took another chance asking if there were any placement projects available and I feel so fortunate that the team agreed to take me on. I now have three supervisors, Fiona, Andrew and Jen, who are supporting me to carry out the research that will be the basis of my master’s dissertation which is titled ‘Screening of donors for use in NK ADCC assays, and optimization of NK isolation from frozen PBMC Leukopaks’.&nbsp;</p></blockquote><p>“This is a fantastic project to be working on and I have really enjoyed getting back into the lab, although it was daunting to begin with. But everyone in the team has been incredibly supportive and so many people have offered their expertise and taken the time to explain the research to me on a one-to-one level, despite having their own workloads to contend with. I will be due to present my dissertation September, but I am confident I will be ready thanks to the support and encouragement of the team.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“It can feel intimidating approaching a company that you are keen to work with but being enthusiastic and determined can really pay off. As it turned out, Antibody Analytics was one of the BioCity Group companies that the University had been keen to work with for many years, so it is an extra privilege to be the first placement student from this course.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“I’m thoroughly enjoying working with a small company that’s continuing to expand and grow and I know this project will open up so many opportunities once I’ve finished my degree. There are a few potential career paths I could take including further research, quality assurance and research &amp; development but whichever route I take I’ll always be so grateful to Antibody Analytics for giving me the opportunity to learn and develop, and ultimately setting me up for success. The project has already been so rewarding and I’m excited to see how I can play a part in shaping the healthcare of the future.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

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We’re always happy to offer a helping hand to the rising stars of the future and we recently welcomed Ambar Ramzan to the team on a 12-week placement, as part of her MSc in Precision Medicine and Pharmacological Innovation. “I completed my Master of Pharmacy in 2016 but after working in pharmacy for five years …

Career Ready with Antibody Analytics

<p>Antibody Analytics is dedicated to investing our time and resources into developing young people in STEM. We recently engaged with Career Ready, a charity which works with employers, schools, and volunteers to support young people across the UK to advance in their careers through two year mentorship scheme. Thanks to the Career Ready programme, we welcomed Zoha Rashid to our team to embark on a four-week internship.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>At school, Zoha had always been interested in STEM subjects such as chemistry, biology, and physics. After a momentous spotlight on the medical field during the pandemic, Zoha was inspired to pursue a career in a science-focused field. Zoha has had a chance to gain a deeper understanding of the life of a scientist. From shadowing the team in the lab to seeing what paperwork goes on behind the scenes, the internship provided a variety of learning experiences. Now that her internship has come to an end, we’ve had the chance to hear from Zoha and the impact that her time with Antibody Analytics has had on her prospects.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“I’m currently in my final year at school, and my passion for science has been bubbling away over the years. So much so that I’m aiming to study medicine and become a doctor in the future. This opportunity was recommended to me by my teachers, who are aware of my interest in STEM. The process of applying for the internship was super easy. Career Ready provided me with an application form which led to my place at Antibody Analytics; it was all very exciting!&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>“My favourite part of working at Antibody Analytics has been seeing how my studies translate in real-time. It’s been great watching experiments take place and understanding how the team works together. This opportunity has given me valuable insight into what it’s like to work in a practical environment outside the classroom. I’ve also enjoyed working as part of the team.”&nbsp;</p></blockquote><p>“I’ve had the chance to learn and develop from the team’s insights, which has furthered my interest in medicine. My mentor, John, has been on hand throughout my internship, which has kept me right! This placement has not only provided me with invaluable experience but will help me to write my UCAS application when applying for university (which is coming around very quickly!).&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“I would like to thank the team at Antibody Analytics for being so welcoming and helping me to further my knowledge and understanding of what the working world entails.”&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>We’ve also heard from Zoha’s Mentor and Site Manager John Carruthers to find out what he’s learnt from this experience and why supporting the talent of tomorrow is so important to Antibody Analytics.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“Well, it’s safe to say mentoring an intern has certainly made me feel old (!). Jokes aside, the opportunity to support Zoha has been a refreshing reminder of why I got into the science field in the first place. Supporting a youngster as they enter further education means you’re working alongside someone brimming with natural curiosity and enthusiasm; it’s hard not to feel similarly inspired. I hope the knowledge I’ve passed down will support Zoha (or should I say soon to be Dr Rashid) in her forthcoming endeavours, and I can’t wait to hear all about her future in medicine.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

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Antibody Analytics is dedicated to investing our time and resources into developing young people in STEM. We recently engaged with Career Ready, a charity which works with employers, schools, and volunteers to support young people across the UK to advance in their careers through two year mentorship scheme. Thanks to the Career Ready programme, we...

Antibody Analytics Opens Discovery Centre

<p>A new Discovery Centre dedicated to the advancement of medical research and drug development opened its doors in Motherwell as part of a major expansion by a leading health sciences company.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>The unveiling of the new Antibody Analytics Discovery Centre, funded in part with support from Scottish Enterprise, will act as the springboard for the company’s growth plans which include a recruitment campaign to increase staff capacity by almost 50% this year.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>The official opening of the new 2,000 m2 facility also sits in line with the upward trajectory the field of advanced therapeutics is currently experiencing as more and more biotechnology and pharma-based drug developers seek the expertise of world-class immunology research services.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>Andy Upsall, Managing Director, Antibody Analytics, said the company’s Discovery Centre offers 10 times its existing footprint and is the culmination of two year’s work, “Our plans to enhance our provision of services in the discovery phase of drug development will be reinforced by the opening of our new base which will provide essential increased space for our ground-breaking work in the field of complex immunology and in the future, will allow us to support drug developers as they advance through clinical trials.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>“Antibody Analytics is focused on providing a first-class service and to upholding a commitment to meet and exceed the requirements of our clients both in the UK and globally.”&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; “The relocation to our larger, fit-for-purpose location puts us in a great position to drive innovation within the company to move forward.”</p></blockquote><p>Antibody Analytics provides complex immunology and primary cell services to drug developers. The company has supported several key clinical projects leading to the acceleration of drug development in the field of cancer research and the support for treatment for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, wet macular degeneration, metastatic colorectal cancer and breast cancer.</p><p><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/Discovery_Centre_002_980x653_b666614524.jpeg" alt="Discovery-Centre-002-980x653.jpeg" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_Discovery_Centre_002_980x653_b666614524.jpeg 234w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_Discovery_Centre_002_980x653_b666614524.jpeg 500w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/medium_Discovery_Centre_002_980x653_b666614524.jpeg 750w," sizes="100vw"></p><p>The company currently employs 60 staff ranging from laboratory personnel, within both operations &amp; research and development departments, to quality, sales and marketing staff. The recruitment drive will continue beyond 2022, as the company intends to grow the headcount to over 200 staff, all enabled by the space the new facility provides.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>“Our relocation to the Discovery Centre marks the beginning of an ambitious new era for Antibody Analytics in which we plan to continue to develop the site to ensure we continue to attract and retain talent, as well as supporting the introduction of new services to further support our international client base,” continued Mr Upsall.</p></blockquote><p>The company will make significant investments to bring new technology to its existing services as well as gaining industry certification to strengthen its regulatory capabilities.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“Our new facility will bolster our cell line development services and, by working to achieve GxP* accreditation, we will support our clients as their programmes enter the clinical space.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>“Our aim is to cement our position as a market leader in the field of complex immunology and primary cell systems.”</p>

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A new Discovery Centre dedicated to the advancement of medical research and drug development opened its doors in Motherwell as part of a major expansion by a leading health sciences company. The unveiling of the new Antibody Analytics Discovery Centre, funded in part with support from Scottish Enterprise, will act as the springboard for the…

Meet Kieran | A Culture Dedicated to the Research Revolution

<p>As you might have heard through the grape vine, this year, we’ve had the opportunity to offer not one, not two, but three research and development secondments. We’ve sat down with Kieran Izzett to dive deep into his experience of a culture dedicated to the research revolution.&nbsp;</p><p>“What is life?” often crosses my mind. I have an innate desire to understand the world. As soon as I can remember, I have been fascinated by science and the way in which the world works. In 2014, I took this flair and fashioned a Laboratory Technician apprenticeship at Glasgow City Council.&nbsp;</p><p>“In 2016, I contributed to cell culture at Antibody Analytics. A year later, I saw the need for academia and applied my knowledge of cell lines to a bachelor’s degree in Immunology at the University of Aberdeen.&nbsp;</p><p>“When the world closed its door in 2020, I took the new normal in my stride and drafted a dissertation on The Development of an Inducible Cell line Platform for Polyspecific Antibody Characterisation in my final year of university. While the labs were closed at university, Antibody Analytics were incredibly supportive of my studies. Not only did they provide lab space to conduct my research but provided me with training to support my project. This experience helped me learn how to manage m time, troubleshoot experiments and work in a team towards a goal.&nbsp;</p><p>“It was certainly challenging to juggle university and lab work. Though, with my hard work, determination (and copious amounts of coffee), I scored a secondment in the Research and Development (R&amp;D) department.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p>“As a Study Scientist, I have the autonomy to design new assays and put them into practice. While it is satisfying to find solutions, it is reassuring to know that I have the independence to make key decisions. From a team of five in 2017 to 65 in-house experts in 2022, Antibody Analytics is growing at a speed of light, and I’m here for the ride!”</p></blockquote>

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As you might have heard through the grape vine, this year, we’ve had the opportunity to offer not one, not two, but three research and development secondments. We’ve sat down with Kieran Izzett to dive deep into his experience of a culture dedicated to the research revolution.  “What is life?” often crosses my mind. I ...

Meet Jennifer Lawson | Chief Operating Officer

<p>“How did it all begin? I studied for an undergraduate degree in Immunology at the University of Glasgow. When I graduated in 2001, I did what many aspiring scientists do; I put on my lab coat to get some hands on experience in a proper lab.</p><p>“I took my knowledge of the immune system and applied it to the post of Research Assistant at the University of Dundee. Having gained valuable experience in the Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, I took the opportunity to further my studies at King’s College London (KCL) and studied a PhD in the Immunology of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).</p><p>“I guess you could say that I’ve always been an avid learner for the way in which the immune system works and responds. After completing my PhD, I knew I wanted to stay in the Immunology field and continue my career development within the division of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammatory Diseases as a postdoctoral Research Assistant at KCL.</p><p>“The translational research within our lab sparked my interest so I knew I wanted to work in an arena where the development of new therapies was the goal. Over the years, I’ve been lucky enough to work in a number of roles within the CRO industry, getting the opportunity to contribute to my clients drug development programs across many different modalities.</p><p>“My background provided me with a holistic understanding of the industry. Most recently as a Global Product Manager, I productised scientific services to meet the needs of the market and got the opportunity to gain strategic marketing skills. I am an immunologist at heart, and when I came across Antibody Analytics, I knew it was the organisation for me.</p><p>“As they say – new year, new me – I started working with Antibody Analytics in January 2022. As appointed Chief Operating Officer, it is my job to look after the operational side of things, the doing arm if you like. My team deliver results to our clients to make meaningful differences to their development programs, it’s an immensely satisfying job! It’s been a real pleasure to get to the know the team, I’m looking forward to helping them grow and develop with the Company.</p><blockquote><p>“I can’t wait to see what the future holds and how I can help facilitate progression in the world of immunology. We are a novel company that upholds our tagline; Antibody Analytics are primary cell experts who deliver beautiful bioassays.”</p></blockquote>

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“How did it all begin? I studied for an undergraduate degree in Immunology at the University of Glasgow. When I graduated in 2001, I did what many aspiring scientists do; I put on my lab coat to get some hands on experience in a proper lab.  “I took my knowledge of the immune system and …

Meet Louis & Holly | Levelling Up with Antibody Analytics

<p style="margin-left:0px;">This year, we are making waves in the world of immunology. We’re not only expanding our team, but we’re levelling up our expertise. As such, our Junior Study Managers Louis Julien and Holly Greggan, have recently graduated to the post of Study Manager. To celebrate our continual growth, we sat down with the team to see what ignited the move from academia to Antibody Analytics.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Louis takes us on a journey of determination and self-discovery: “While Antibody Analytics was my first job in the industry, I developed my skills and knowledge throughout previous experiences in academia. First and foremost, I read Génie Biologique at the Université de Tours. Let me translate that for you, I studied Life Sciences at a polytechnic institute in the green city of Tours. When I graduated from my home country in France, I ventured to the UK to study for a BSc Honours in Biomedical Science and an MSc in Microbiology.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“From here, I seesawed between England and France to conduct a PhD research project in Life Sciences at the University of Reading and L’Institut Agro Rennes-Angers. This PhD degree provided me with expertise in protein separation, identification, and characterisation that later revealed to be key for my present job.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“As soon as I relocated to Scotland, Antibody Analytics was on my radar. I joined the team in 2020 as a Junior Study Manager, and I have since progressed to Study Manager in the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) department. As opposed to solo research, Antibody Analytics has allowed me to delve into a variety of bespoke projects alongside a team of like-minded enthusiasts.”</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">We know the future is bright for Antibody Analytics, and Holly is beaming with enthusiasm. With academia and industry experience under her belt, our new Study Manager is already making strides in the operations, but was the catalyst?&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I always knew that I wanted to make a genuine difference to the world, and, I guess, that’s what paved the way for a career in immunology. At the University of Glasgow, I studied the murine model of arthritis and, later, honed in on mast cells and their role in Rheumatoid Arthritis at the University of Strathclyde.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Academia provided me with the tools to embark on a career in SPR technology at industry level. Having graduated in 2015, I launched my first post at Sartorius as a SPR Analyst. Following on from this, in 2020, I used my experience of testing biosimilar molecules and application of SPR and brought this to the Biophysics team and applied it to translational assays at Antibody Analytics.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I started as a Junior Study Manager, and I have since progressed into the role of Study Manager within Antibody Analytics working across BioAnalytical, Biophysics and Translational Immunology. While traditional CROs can often be set in their ways, Antibody Analytics uses flexibility and cross-departmental collaboration to their advantage. My new role not only gives me the opportunity to learn from a team brimming with expertise, but the stimulus to work on a variety of projects in parallel with one another.”</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">If you’re reading this, and you know that you want to actively contribute to science in a way that impacts the wider world, then Antibody Analytics might just be the answer. We pride ourselves on our inclusive culture and development opportunities. What’s more? We’re hiring!&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">To find out more about careers at Antibody Analytics, why not have a nosy at our <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers/">current vacancies</a>?</p>

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To celebrate our continual growth, we sat down with the team to see what ignited the move from academia to Antibody Analytics. 

Meet Amy | From Operations to R&D in 400 days

<p style="margin-left:0px;">As you’ve probably heard, Antibody Analytics is expanding, and so is our development opportunities. To celebrate our growth, we’ve sat down with a very talented lady who, with her hard work and determination, has attained a secondment in the Research and Development (R&amp;D) department. Amy Graham has taken opportunities in her stride and injected enthusiasm into the organisation.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I guess you could say binge-watching Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) was the catalyst to my career in science. From the screen to the classroom, whilst at Peebles High School, I decided to follow my scientific curiosity and independently undertook laboratory work as an intern at The Roslin Institute, which cemented my love of research.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“After acquiring a first-class honours degree in Cell Biology at the University of Stirling, I spent a year at Merck Millipore as a Manufacturing Scientist in the Tissue Culture department. It was a great introduction to working in the pharmaceutical sector as it encouraged me to seek out further industry-led work with an academic edge.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“In 2018, I jumped at the chance to work for a unique organisation. I started working at Antibody Analytics as a Cell Culture Scientist. After two years of learning and personal development, I moved to Operations as a Junior Study Scientist where I was exposed to a variety of projects. When I saw the R&amp;D position advertised in 2020, I knew I had to apply.</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“With a competitive application process, I was thrilled to find out that my passion and enthusiasm for the project had translated into a position in the Antibody Analytics R&amp;D team.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“The transition into the R&amp;D department was initially a steep learning curve for me. I had to get up to speed with new theoretical and technical aspects of the projects. In this role, I must consider the question and ways to answer it, both designing and performing experiments. The secondment has been a case of learning as you go, a hands-on experience that has given me the opportunity to project manage, build independence and resilience, and develop a critical eye.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Seeing a project move towards its final stages is incredibly rewarding, especially when the results have direct clinical relevance. Thanks to Antibody Analytics, I can walk the bridge between research and industry. Don’t get me wrong, working at a forward-thinking organisation can sometimes have its challenges, but the variety of assays, lifelong learning, and progression opportunities, certainly, makes it worthwhile.”</p>

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As you’ve probably heard, Antibody Analytics is expanding, and so is our development opportunities. To celebrate our growth, we’ve sat down with a very talented lady who, with her hard work and determination, has attained a secondment in the Research and Development (R&D) department. Amy Graham has taken opportunities in her stride and injected enthusiasm…

Meet Hannah | A Second-to-None Secondment

<p style="margin-left:0px;">As agents of change, we’ve switched things up in the laboratory. To celebrate this period of change, we’ve sat down with Hannah Findlay to see how her secondment into the Research and Development (R&amp;D) department aligns with the continual growth of Antibody Analytics.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“From a young age, I was obsessed with all things medical. I took this fascination and applied it into a Master of Science in Medical Genetics and Genomics at the University of Glasgow. Genetics was an up-and-coming field that had begun to understand thousands of diseases and change the way that the world worked.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Upon graduation in 2017, I did what many scientists do, I weighed up the option of academia and industry. While academia is highly research and discovery focused, I knew that I wanted to feel the immediate impact of clinical application.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I’ve always been fascinated by the science behind pre-clinical drug discovery and, I guess, that’s why I made the calculated move to TC BioFarm Limited. Wearing the white coat of Process Development Scientist, here, I worked on cellular development for two and a half years. It wasn’t until 2020, that I took the leap to join the Antibody Analytics team. &nbsp;</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“My role at Antibody Analytics is in the Operations department as a Study Scientist. While you’re very much stuck on a one-lane track in standard CROs, no day is the same at Antibody Analytics. Responsible for assay development and process technology transfer, the Study Scientist post offers an influx of bespoke molecular biology techniques.</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“When I saw the secondment advertised in the R&amp;D department, I knew I wanted to apply the knowledge I acquired from Operations to this opportunity. I moved to R&amp;D in 2021, and I haven’t looked back since. At present, I am designing a system that allows us to test a variety of immuno-oncology drugs.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“It’s certainly rewarding being that step closer to the final product. The secondment has allowed me to confidently drive projects forward from the preliminary stage to customer feedback. Just like my flair for landscape painting, I guess you could say I like to see the full picture, and the R&amp;D department has given me the opportunity to work from the ground up.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Antibody Analytics is proof that you don’t need academia to be in continual learning. I’m not only evolving my skillset but contributing to team training opportunities throughout the organisation.”</p>

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As agents of change, we’ve switched things up in the laboratory. To celebrate this period of change, we’ve sat down with Hannah Findlay to see how her secondment into the Research and Development (R&D) department aligns with the continual growth of Antibody Analytics.

British Science Week 2022

<p style="margin-left:0px;">The 11<sup>th</sup> of March 2022 marks the start of British Science Week, a ten-day celebration of science, technology, engineering, and maths (STEM). This year, the theme is ‘growth,’ so it’s only fitting that we take you on a journey from the bench to the bedside and beyond.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Translational research is the lifeblood of science. Aimed at converting research into tangible results, translational research directly benefits patients. From conducting basic experiments in the laboratory – or at the bench – to the evolution of clinical studies at the bedside, researchers have long developed a linear process to design impactful compounds for clinical use.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Britain is home to the father of immunology and the eradication of the first infectious disease. The practice of immunisation dates back hundreds of years to the existence of the variola virus (smallpox). Smallpox is an acute contagious disease that has grievously contributed to millions of deaths worldwide. In 1796, in stark contrast to present day clinical trial practices, Edward Jenner inoculated an eight year old boy with cowpox and demonstrated immunity to smallpox disease. Jenner’s study of the anti-orthopoxviral treatment has paved the way for global vaccination to the point of extinction. In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially certified the eradication, and no cases of naturally occurring smallpox have happened since. These findings paved the way for vaccinations as we have come to know them in the modern world, just as relevant today as it was a few hundred years ago.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">While medicine in the eighteenth century was a spine-chilling combination of chance and quackery, the Industrial era saw a newfound need for sanitisation. In 1814, the invention of the steam train mobilised people in a way that had never been seen before. As farmworkers migrated to the city and the British population grew, bacterial diseases now had the mobility to spread like wildfire. To control hospital infection, Sir James Young Simpson discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform and pioneered its treatment in surgery and midwifery. Scottish born and bred; Simpson was the first person to be knighted for services in medicine in 1866.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">We know more about science today than we did yesterday, and tomorrow we will know even more. In the last decade, advances in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and 3D bioprinting have sparked a research revolution that is providing precise and meaningful information. While the British phenomenal vaccine rollout has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, three-dimensional printing techniques allow us to engineer tissue biomaterials and more accurately test new drugs.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">No discussion about translational research is complete without mentioning Antibody Analytics. As an integrated drug discovery solutions provider, we use our unique position to understand your challenges and to guide the development of your biologic all the way through the pre-clinical stages and beyond.&nbsp; We collaborate, conceptualise, design and develop bespoke solutions, while simultaneously providing standardised cell-based assays and binding assessment formats to address your complex research needs. &nbsp;We have an exceptional track record of delivering beautiful results. By bridging the gap between the very early stages of drug discovery and the development process, we are able to define mechanisms of action and bolster drug characterisation data, meaning that your clinical objectives are never lost in translation. &nbsp;</p>

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The 11th of March 2022 marks the start of British Science Week, a ten-day celebration of science, technology, engineering, and maths (STEM). This year, the theme is ‘growth,’ so it's only fitting that we take you on a journey from the bench to the bedside and beyond.

Meet Andy | Managing Director

<h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Question&nbsp;</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">The Antibody Analytics journey begins with its Managing Director, Andy Upsall. As the organisation continues to grow, we aim to understand the origins of Antibody Analytics and what led Andy to establish the company in 2016.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Hypothesis</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">With a keen interest in antibody-like therapeutics and breaking the mould that is the traditional world of contract testing laboratories, we believe Andy’s business acumen combined with his desire to create a happy and motivated workforce led to the formation of Antibody Analytics as we know it.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Procedure&nbsp;</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Research, of course. Much like an assay, we can’t guess the results. Instead, we must experiment and explore until we reach an evidenced conclusion! We’ve sat down and caught up with Andy, who has shared the Antibody Analytics story, examining the journey from conception to an established organisation.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Results&nbsp;</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Looking back, I suppose my pathway into the sciences was obvious. I’ve always been inquisitive; in fact, I recently discovered one of my old school reports, which read ‘<i>Andy is certainly a budding scientist</i>!’. I even used to take science experiments home with me from the classroom. That’s right, optional homework! That genuine fascination for experimentation and finding solutions has remained prominent throughout my life and is probably why I now don the titles of scientist and business owner.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Antibody Analytics is the product of a desire to create a really fantastic place to work, somewhere that we push the boundaries and participate in some fascinating science. After spending time in industry as a Virologist and later co-founding BioOutsource, Antibody Analytics was established in 2016. I’d taken my experiences from my previous 13 years working in graduate roles and as a company director to facilitate a new dream, one where we can offer ambitious but exciting services and adapt to the markets changing needs.</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“It was me, my wife Michahaila and business partner Andrew who set out to create Antibody Analytics those years ago. We wanted to build an organisation led by scientists with the vision of establishing world-leading capabilities in the fields of immunology and bioanalytical testing. Having the opportunity to shape the organisation alongside those with a shared vision has led us to where we are today. Five years later, our vision is becoming a reality. We’ve grown rapidly, and it’s certainly been a learning journey, but its lessons will continually shape the future of our organisation.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“We’ve recently surpassed 50 teammates. Our people are responsible for our success, continually demonstrating commitment, loyalty and motivation to develop themselves and drive the company forward. As an employer, one of my personal aims is to ensure we offer superb working conditions, with room for our colleagues to grow and flourish. It’s that simple; I’m passionate about developing our workforce while providing outstanding quality to our customers to help them discover new therapeutic solutions to some of the greatest healthcare challenges of our time.”&nbsp;</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Next Steps</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“With new projects, services and infrastructure on the horizon, there’s so much more for us to achieve, and we have ambitious plans moving forward. At the centre of it all is a drive to invest in our workforce while developing our capabilities for the wider market, moving towards a future centred around the use of technology. There’s plenty to be excited about; watch this space.”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Recommendations</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Do you want to be part of a dynamic organisation that’s passionate about your success? We recommend a role at Antibody Analytics, take a look at our current vacancies on our <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers">Careers page</a>.</p>

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The Antibody Analytics journey begins with its Managing Director, Andy Upsall. As the organisation continues to grow, we aim to understand the origins of Antibody Analytics and what led Andy to establish the company in 2016.

Meet Rebecca | Junior Scientific Support Operative

<h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Question</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">With a flair for the human body and the way in which it works, we seek to discover how Rebecca’s diploma in Professional Music Theatre do-si-doed into a technical apprenticeship in the field of science.&nbsp;</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Hypothesis</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Inquisitive by nature, we believe Rebecca’s practical understanding of anatomy has ignited her enthusiasm to expand her knowledge into the realm of science.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Procedure</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Research, of course. Much like an assay, we can’t guess the results. Instead, we must experiment and explore until we reach an evidenced conclusion! We’ve sat down and caught up with Rebecca, who explained her transition from cruise ships to lab work.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Results</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Some may consider my background a little unconventional for a career in immunology, but theatre is what led me to my current role. Like DNA strands that simultaneously coil around each other and store biological information, my practical knowledge of theatre arts is intertwined with my curiosity for science. From attaining a diploma in Professional Musical Theatre to performing regular aerial silk shows on Royal Caribbean cruise ships, I acquired extensive knowledge of how the body moves, functions, and reacts.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“You could say I’ve always been fascinated by anatomy and the prescriptive nature of dance. In school, I excelled at biology and chemistry, and this knowledge of science helped me to adapt my body, nurse injuries and improve my overall health. I would constantly find myself asking questions like ‘how do I boost my nutrition?’ or ‘how do I combat fatigue?’. &nbsp;So, I guess, this curiosity was what inspired me to further my studies in the scientific sector. As soon as I saw the technical apprenticeship post advertised, I knew Antibody Analytics was for me.</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“A day in the life of Rebecca? Gosh, no day is the same. Since starting as a Junior Scientific Support Operative in January 2021, I’ve contributed to cell culture, reagent preparation, documentation, and quality assurance.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Alongside this part-time position, I’m studying a Higher National Diploma in Industrial Biotechnology at Glasgow Clyde College. This is a two-year course that has already equipped me with a thorough understanding of biology, chemistry, and process engineering. Working at Antibody Analytics has brought my studies to life; it’s really helped me to contextualise industry-led concepts like sustainable manufacturing and laboratory techniques.”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Next Steps</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I’m extremely excited to see where my new role takes me. As Junior Scientific Support Operative, I look forward to new opportunities such as the part-time degree program in Immunology and Biochemistry at the University of Strathclyde, which I will begin in September 2022. As a keen learner passionate about developing my talents, this degree will allow me to gain the skills and knowledge required to develop and progress within Antibody Analytics. In addition to broadening my career prospects in the future, this opportunity will enhance my current knowledge of the biological processes I perform routinely.”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Recommendations</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">We recommend a role at Antibody Analytics, take a look at our current vacancies on our <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers">Careers page</a>.</p>

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With a flair for the human body and the way in which it works, we seek to discover how Rebecca’s diploma in Professional Music Theatre do-si-doed into a technical apprenticeship in the field of science. 

International Day of Women and Girls in Science 2022

<p style="margin-left:0px;">Friday the 11th of February marks the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. During this historic day, people around the world are recognising the role of women and girls in the field of science, not only as beneficiaries but as agents of change. Join us as we venture back in time to explore what STEM-ed the movement and celebrate those leading innovation at Antibody Analytics – and beyond.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Founded in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly, this day was set up to recognise the critical role women and girls play in STEM-related fields. Still, more often than not, women are severely underrepresented in science. <a href="https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/women-science">According to UIS data</a>, less than 30% of the world’s researchers are women.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">As scientists, we have a responsibility to help women and girls recognise their potential. To commemorate the seventh International Day of Women and Girls in Science, we’re celebrating seven pioneering women who, with their talent and determination, have helped shape the face of science.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Katherine Johnson</strong><br>Katherine Johnson loved to count. “I counted everything. I counted the steps to the road, the steps up to church, the number of dishes and silverware I washed … anything that could be counted, I did.”<br>Johnson’s love for mathematics blazed the trail for human spaceflight. Well-known for her aeronautics work at NASA, Johnson calculated the trajectory that helped the US launch its first astronaut into space in 1961 and safely land Apollo 11 on the moon in 1969.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Marie Curie</strong><br>Marie Skłodowska Curie is a woman of many firsts: she was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first (and only) woman to win two Nobel Prizes, and the first female professor at the University of Paris. She stood out not only for her expertise and innovation but as an influential woman in science. Curie’s ground-breaking research in radioactivity significantly contributed to the development of anti-cancer therapies.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Rachel Carson</strong><br>Rachel Carson saw the need for science to work with nature. She catalysed the global environmentalist movement with her 1962 book, <i>Silent Spring</i>. Carson studied the impact of chemical pesticides and fertilizers on the environment. Her book contributed to a nationwide ban of pesticides and ultimately led to the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Segenet Kelemu</strong><br>Segenet Kelemu was a rebel with a case. “In my village, girls were married off at a very young age, but luckily I was too rebellious for anyone to arrange a marriage for me.” Kelemu is an Ethiopian scientist, renowned for her research in molecular plant pathology. She helped smallholder farmers across the globe grow crops and rise out of poverty.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Vera Rubin</strong><br>Vera Rubin reached for the stars. In 1965, she became the first woman to observe at the Palomar Observatory. Here, she studied galactic rotation curves and uncovered the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion. This phenomenon became known as the ‘galaxy rotation problem’ and was confirmation of the existence of dark matter.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><i>No discussion of female empowerment is complete without mentioning some of the incredible talent we have seeded in the Antibody Analytics team. Join us in celebrating our Marketing Director, Adele Hannigan and Junior Scientific Support Operative Rebecca McNiven.</i></p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Rebecca McNiven</strong><br>That’s one small step for woman, one giant leap for womankind. Rebecca McNiven is Antibody Analytics first apprentice. Inquisitive by nature, McNiven’s practical understanding of anatomy led her into the realm of science. Since starting in 2021, Rebecca has already contributed to cell culture, reagent preparation, documentation, and quality assurance.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Adele Hannigan</strong><br>Adele Hannigan is an asset to Antibody Analytics. As a skilled scientist with experience in both academia and the biotechnology industry, Adele’s knack for scientific writing and commercial know-how has significantly contributed to the immunology industry.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Antibody Analytics is suffused with female talent. We are honoured to house a team built on equity, diversion and inclusion which recognises the significance that women and girls bring to the science, technology, engineering and mathematics industries.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Do you want to make an impact in science? <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers">Join our team</a> of pioneering female scientists.&nbsp;</p>

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Friday the 11th of February marks the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. During this historic day, people around the world are recognising the role of women and girls in the field of science, not only as beneficiaries but as agents of change.

Meet Tim | Director of Molecular Biology

<h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Question</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">We aim to uncover how Tim’s scientific path led to becoming the Director of Molecular Biology at Antibody Analytics.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Hypothesis</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Considering Tim’s vast experience in molecular biology, wonder for the wider world and&nbsp;<i>what makes things the way that they are</i>, its believed Tim’s path led him to Antibody Analytics because of his intrigue and desire to provide a genuine impact in the field of medicine.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Procedure</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Research, of course. Much like an assay, we can’t guess the results. Instead, we must experiment and explore until we reach an evidenced conclusion! We’ve sat down and caught up with Tim. He has told us all about his experience, pathway and role at Antibody Analytics.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Results</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I’ve always been fascinated by the way the world works. Humans, machines, computers, the universe – you name it, and I’ve likely asked the question ‘why?’. It’s in my nature to be a little nosey, curious, shall we say, so I suppose it was only natural that I ended up pursuing a career in the sciences. Working in this field allows me to ask my array of questions and provides me with the tools I need to find the answers!</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“After completing an undergraduate degree in Biochemistry at the University of Bath, I did what many scientists do; I rolled up my sleeves and went forth to achieve my PhD in Molecular Biology, this time at the University of Cambridge. My fascination for genetics and molecular biology was ignited, and I’ve been designing constructs, researching and building molecules ever since.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Like many scientists, I found myself at a crossroads after publishing my PhD findings. Do I continue to explore all that academia has to offer, or do I go into industry where I can be part of evolving change? I opted for the latter. I realised during my PhD that I wanted to work on therapeutic development, to be part of something that could one day make a real difference.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I’ve spent over 12 years in industry, progressing from the hands-on generation of cell lines to providing my expertise to shape ongoing development and lead other scientists. I’ve worked with both MedImmune, the research and development arm of AstraZeneca and TC BioPharm, a CAR-T cell therapy company. These experiences have led me to my current position of Director of Molecular Biology at Antibody Analytics.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Although I started my role in March 2020 (not a great month for new careers!) I’ve been pleased to achieve some pretty great things in my short time with the organisation. My role is seeded within the research and development team, where we’re tasked with generating new assays and technologies that can support our clients’ endeavours in drug development.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“We were shortly awarded the Smart Innovate UK grant to create a cell line system after my appointment, which has been a focal point of my work so far. I really appreciate and enjoy the variety of projects Antibody Analytics has to offer in my role. I’ve been given the freedom to pursue my ideas, seeing things go from scientific experimentation to conclusion. It’s fast-paced and certainly keeps me on my toes but is thoroughly enjoyable.”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Next Steps</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“As the Director of Molecular Biology, I can’t wait to see what’s next for my role and the organisation. The array of clients, projects and opportunities are something to be excited about. As we continue to grow and expand our team, I look forward utilising the assays and systems we are developing in R&amp;D on client projects, hopefully helping to progress a therapeutic to market and making a real world difference in the lives of patients.”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Recommendations</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">We recommend a role at Antibody Analytics, take a look at our current vacancies on our <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers">Careers page</a>.</p>

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Considering Tim’s vast experience in molecular biology, wonder for the wider world and what makes things the way that they are, its believed Tim’s path led him to Antibody Analytics because of his intrigue and desire to provide a genuine impact in the field of medicine.

Meet Michahaila | Director of People and Finance

<h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Question</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">With a degree in applied psychology and experience in the social care sector, we seek to discover how Michahaila found herself in the scientific field and what this means as the Director of People and Finance.&nbsp;</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Hypothesis</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">It’s understood that Michahaila has found herself utilising her skillset in the scientific field due to an understanding of people in the workplace and desire to get things right on their behalf.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Procedure</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Research, of course. Much like an assay, we can’t guess the results. Instead, we must experiment and explore until we reach an evidenced conclusion! We’ve sat down and caught up with Michahaila, who explained her pathway from social care to science.</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Results</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I suppose I should start by saying I’m certainly no scientist. After all, my skill set doesn’t require a test tube or a pipette but instead a genuine drive to see individuals succeed.&nbsp; So, how exactly did I go from an area manager in a housing support service to the world of science? Well, let’s say the discipline runs in my family!</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“My husband, Andy Upsall, Andrew Baron and I founded Antibody Analytics in 2015, and I’ve been proud to be part of the journey since day one. I’ve always been a big believer in the business and passionate about its success. While it took time for me to find my feet in a field that is so far removed from roots in social care, I’ve been pleasantly surprised by how valuable both my past experiences and degree in psychology have been when managing people.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“My role as Director of Finance and People is to essentially oversee both of these departments. Each week is vastly different; from chasing accounts to building staff initiatives, I have my hand in various projects across the organisation. My ultimate goal is to make Antibody Analytics a fantastic place to work. Since joining the team, I’ve helped initiate a social committee, wellness committee, mental health first aiders and various training and development programmes with support from local colleges and universities.”</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“While I came into the world of science unsure of what to expect, my understanding five years down the line is that Antibody Analytics doesn’t offer routine work. We’re for the inquisitive scientist and provide excellent opportunities for colleagues to be mentored and cross-trained by some impressive scientists along with various avenues for continued learning and progression.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Although I’ll probably never quite fully grasp what exactly T Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity means, I’m so pleased to have the chance to put my person-centred approach into practice to play a part in a superb team and a forward-thinking organisation.”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Next Steps</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Antibody Analytics has grown so much since its inception, and we don’t plan on slowing down anytime soon. As Director of Finance and People, I envision the future of my role to focus on developing a person-centred organisation. My role was initially focused on finance, but it soon grew to oversee our people – I can’t wait to see where I’ll be in the next couple of years!”</p><h2 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Recommendations</strong></h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">We recommend a role at Antibody Analytics, take a look at our current vacancies on our <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers">Careers page</a>.</p>

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With a degree in applied psychology and experience in the social care sector, we seek to discover how Michahaila found herself in the scientific field and what this means as the Director of People and Finance. 

Meet Adele | Director of Marketing

<h3 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Question</strong></h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">With a PhD and post-doctoral experience as a cancer research scientist, we aim to understand Adele’s journey from the field of research and development to the Director of Marketing at Antibody Analytics.</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Hypothesis</strong></h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">As a skilled scientist with experience in both academia and the biotechnology industry, we believe Adele’s knack for scientific writing and commercial know-how has led her into her current role and the field of marketing.</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Procedure</strong></h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">Research, of course. Much like an assay, we can’t guess the results. Instead, we must experiment and explore until we reach an evidenced conclusion! We’ve sat down and caught up with Adele; she told us about her notable experience within industry and progression in the Antibody Analytics team.</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Results</strong></h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Phew! Where do I begin? I suppose my path naturally led me to my current appointment at Antibody Analytics, but it’s certainly been a journey. I’m a scientist by trade, writer by nature and a curious individual all-around. Science was an obvious avenue for me, and while I studied chemistry at an undergraduate level, my natural curiosity led me to a biology-focused master’s degree and then PhD.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“I’ve always been interested in drug development. I suppose that’s why I focused on EBV-associated cancers during my PhD and then became a post-doctoral research scientist exploring TGFbeta cell signalling in cancer. I also pursued a stint in Australia with a Biotech company producing nanoparticles for the delivery of cancer treatments. When returning to Scotland and moving into industry, my scope changed, and I started to focus on business development – cultivating relationships, grant applications and messaging. The skillset I established soon led me to my first appointment at Antibody Analytics as the Head of Knowledge Transfer (fancy, I know!).</p></blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">“My time since joining the organisation has been both insightful and exciting. My first role saw me bridge the divide between the R&amp;D and commercial teams; you could even describe me as an interpreter, ensuring the organisation is on the same page. Using my scientific writing skills means I can simplify and make sense of complicated ‘science speak’, ensuring everyone can understand. &nbsp;I’ve worked extensively with Antibody Analytics customers, understanding their requirements and translating this into study designs to generate meaningful data for their drug development process. The ability to effectively communicate across a range of diverse stakeholders is how I’ve found myself meandering into the world of marketing!</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">“My new position will see me supporting Antibody Analytics to raise its profile, positioning ourselves within the wider market to showcase our internal talent and expertise. It’s an exciting time to take on this challenge; the organisation’s rapid growth presents the perfect opportunity to show the wider industry what Antibody Analytics is capable of. With such a vast range of experience within the team and a growing R&amp;D department, the future possibilities are limitless.”</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Next Steps</strong></h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">“Antibody Analytics is an ever-developing company, and it’s certainly an exciting time to be part of the journey! As the Director of Marketing, I’ll be supporting organisational growth by introducing exciting new concepts and sharing our story with the world. Our story is only just beginning, and the next few chapters aren’t to be missed.”</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;"><strong>Recommendations</strong></h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">We recommend a role at Antibody Analytics, take a look at our current vacancies on our <a href="https://antibodyanalytics.com/careers">Careers page</a>.</p>

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With a PhD and post-doctoral experience as a cancer research scientist, we aim to understand Adele’s journey from the field of research and development to the Director of Marketing at Antibody Analytics.

Antibody Analytics wins Innovate UK SMART award

<h2 style="margin-left:0px;">Antibody Analytics wins Innovate UK SMART award and begins work on transformational cell platform, IndEx-2</h2><p style="margin-left:0px;">Antibody Analytics are pleased to announce that they have been awarded a coveted and highly competitive SMART grant from Innovate UK, the UK’s innovation agency. The idea, a novel approach for the rapid generation of custom cell lines expressing two antigens of interest under independent and finely-titratable promoter elements (IndEx-2), was conceptualised by the company’s newly established in house Research and Development team. The grant funding will be used to grow the R&amp;D team to build and test this system. Combining this novel platform with Antibody Analytics’ deep expertise in primary immu ne cell bioassays, theyaim to generate a range of services addressing current industry needs faced by cancer drug developers. The goal is to expedite the development of potentially transformational immuno-oncology focused drug candidates by reducing attrition at the clinical trial stages with more relevant and cheaper, in vitro models.</p><blockquote><p style="margin-left:0px;">Dr Agapitos Patakas, Chief Scientific Officer of Antibody Analytics and project lead on this exciting grant stated, “We believe that the IndEx-2 platform will be the basis of the first in vitro risk evaluation assay for ‘on-target, off-tumour’ side effects, allowing drug developers to reliably determine the precise antigen density activation threshold of their molecules”.</p></blockquote><p>“Being able to mitigate risk, while accelerating a molecule’s route to market is a constant challenge to any company vying to lead the way in patient care.” says Chief Business Officer Jamie Hodgson, “We believe that with the development and commercialisation of our IndEx-2 platform, scientists will be able to identify lead candidates, unmask potential safety concerns and advance their discovery portfolios faster and with greater confidence.” &nbsp; Innovate UK drives productivity and economic growth by supporting businesses to develop and realise the potential of new ideas. As a successful sole-applicant recipient of the substantial award, Antibody Analytics will work closely with their Biopharma network over the next 18 months, ensuring that they are developing proof of concept data using relevant immuno-oncology targeted drugs. In doing so, Antibody Analytics will develop in vitro assays that successfully model problems facing developers of targeted therapeutics. The company believes that this platform will be valuable to the development and testing of monoclonals, multi-specific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and cell therapies in particular. Not only that, project output is projected to drive job-creation in North Lanarkshire. Founder and Managing Director Andy Upsall comments on the opportunity his organisation has been given to grow jobs in the region. “As we reach the end of a turbulent year, it is exhilarating for me as a business owner to be in a position where we can create new employment opportunities.” &nbsp; If you would like to be kept up to date with progress on the IndEx-2 platform, or if you would like to learn more about Antibody Analytics’ R&amp;D plans, then please register your interest here/below or contact the Commercial Lead, <a href="mailto:AHannigan@antibodyanalytics.com">Dr Adele Hannigan</a> for more information.</p>

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Antibody Analytics are pleased to announce that they have been awarded a coveted and highly competitive SMART grant from Innovate UK, the UK’s innovation agency.

Effector cell considerations

<p style="margin-left:0px;">The population of effector cells used in cell-based cytotoxicity assays such as TMC is an important consideration. Depending on how sensitive or therapeutically relevant your assay needs to be will dictate what sort of effector preparation should be used. The more sensitive an assay system (through the use of less clinically relevant effector cell preparations), the more differences a developer can make in their product, which can be really helpful in discovery, clone selection or even late on as a release method. More clinically relevant, less sensitive systems should give the developer and regulators a better feel for how their product works when more ‘realistic’ effector cell preparations are used.</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Choosing your effector preparation</h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">Depending on what stage of testing you’re at or what you’re testing for will dictate the type of effector cells you’ll want to use, ranging from highly sensitive to biologically relevant.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Reporter cells: This allows for a highly sensitive assay system and is useful in determining whether your molecule of interest can elicit T cell activation. However, the biological relevance is low.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">CD8+ cells: CD8+ T lymphocytes are the primary mediator of cytolytic activity, therefore, using these effector cells gives you a highly sensitive measure of TMC activity. However, this assay cannot capture the true biological response as CD8+ function is promoted from CD4+ cytokine release.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Pan T cell (CD3+): Using Pan T cells can measure the T cell mediated cytotoxicity response of CD4+, CD8+ and γδ T cells, accounting for the effects of other cells in the immunological response with the molecule of interest.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Expanded T cells: Clonal pools of expanded T cells can be used to generate large numbers of antigen specific T cells, whilst possessing a greater phenotypical similarity to the&nbsp;<i>in vivo</i>&nbsp;microenvironment than cell lines.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs): An effector preparation of PBMC cells will report a global cytotoxicity assay, where both TMC and ADCC (via NK cells) can be characterized. This assay setup can be used to put specific effects of the molecule of interest from more sensitive tests into a clinical context.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Healthy and disease state donors: Primary cells from healthy and disease state tissue can be used to generate data of improved clinical relevance, although they can be difficult to control and susceptible to variation which reduces sensitivity.</p><p><img src="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/clinical_relevance_ce59241cd9.jpg" alt="clinical_relevance.jpg" srcset="https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail_clinical_relevance_ce59241cd9.jpg 245w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/small_clinical_relevance_ce59241cd9.jpg 500w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/medium_clinical_relevance_ce59241cd9.jpg 750w,https://aa-website-content-bucket-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/large_clinical_relevance_ce59241cd9.jpg 1000w," sizes="100vw"></p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Choosing the right cell source</h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">Using the right source for your effector cells is another important consideration in your assay design.<br>Commercially available cell lines offer great reproducibility but decreased biological relevance from your assay. Therefore, to improve clinical relevance, expanded human T cells could be utilized.<br>Primary cells offer the greatest biologically relevant effector cell source, although two possible issues that arise when using these cells are around donor to donor variability and the volume limitations of the source i.e. patients/ volunteer donations. Using cells from different donors because you haven’t got enough for the assay duration will affect the assay consistency through the development process. Therefore, when designing your assay make sure you can characterize your effector preparation (per donor or by expression of intracellular markers) and ensure that enough material is banked for the entirety of your study, or include this variability into your expectations.</p><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Keeping an eye on your effectors</h3><p style="margin-left:0px;">Monitoring your effector cells provides valuable insight into the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, and flow cytometry is a great way to run your analysis.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Proliferation: During early activation cell proliferation occurs and can be measured with common assay reagents such as CellTrace and BrdU/EdU incorporation. BrdU is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA in proliferating cells and allows the identification and measurement of individual subsets of cells when combined with antibodies for cell or activation markers. CellTrace labels cells using a non-cytotoxic dye which crosses the cell membrane and is converted to a fluorescent molecule that covalently binds to free amine groups. This permanent label allows the identification of different generations of cells as dye intensity halves which each generation.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Cell membrane markers: Complex panels of numerous markers can be combined to provide data on cell activation status and frequency in response to T cell engaging molecules. Lytic activity is useful to measure as T cell cytotoxicity is dependent on degranulation of perforin-granzyme. The lipid bilayer around lytic granules contain lysosomal-associated membrane glycoproteins such as CD107, which shows a direct correlation with lytic activity in humans.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">Cytokine markers: Cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α are upregulated following T cell activation for several roles including the development of Th1 cells, activation of monocytes and upregulation of antigen presenting molecules. These molecules can be assayed from the TMC assay supernatant, identified and quantified using specific detection antibodies, providing additional characterization of the T cell activation mediated by your molecule of interest.</p><p style="margin-left:0px;">So what are the most important things when choosing your effector cell preparation? Consider your stage of testing and how sensitive your assay needs to be. Do you want a clinically relevant system, or something super sensitive to figure out what exactly your drug is doing? Make sure you have the right cell source, and make sure your preparation isn’t going to run out half way through your assay! And understand your assay by keeping an eye on your effector cells throughout the assay duration.</p>

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The population of effector cells used in cell-based cytotoxicity assays such as TMC is an important consideration. Depending on how sensitive or therapeutically relevant your assay needs to be will dictate what sort of effector preparation should be used. The more sensitive an assay system (through the use of less clinically relevant effector cell preparations)…


<p>Antibody Analytics Ltd.&nbsp;</p><p>VAT Number: GB 235 2396 11 | Registered in Scotland</p>

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